Pierre Milza, director of the Centre d'Histoire du Vingtième Siècle until 2000, is a professor emeritus of the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (Paris) and the author of several acclaimed scholastic manuals. Histoire des relations internationals is among his well-known works. His best-selling biographies include Mussolini, Verdi, Napoléon III and, most recently, Voltaire. Serge Berstein is a professor emeritus of the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (Paris) and a specialist of political history. Among his works is an incomparable biography of Léon Blum.